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К вопросу об узком толковании Конституции
В третьей четверти прошлого столетия Верховный суд США неоднократно утверждал, что американцы обладают рядом прав, которые не указаны в Конституции явно, но следуют из её духа. Это повлияло на решения суда по многим вопросам: от абортов до межрасовых браков. Консервативная реакция на это облекла форму так называемого strict constructionism: узкого толкования конституции, без "выдумывания новых прав". Таким образом в сознании американцев "узкое толкование" обычно ассоциируется с консерваторами. Тем более интересен документ, приведенный в блоге Брэда ДеЛонга. Документ описывает решение Джеймса ДеЛонга, бывшего судьей в Огайо в 1850-х годах (видимо, фамилия судьи привлекла внимание блоггера: заметка носит подзаголовок "Юриспруденция по ДеЛонгу образца 1855 года").
В то время в одних штатах было рабство, в других нет. Рабовладельцам не нравилась идея, что раб может сбежать в "свободный штат", поэтому параграф 3 раздела 2 статьи 4 Конституции (отмененный уже после гражданской войны 13-й поправкой) гласил, что раб, сбежавший из одного штата в другой, должен быть выдан хозяину независимо от законов этого другого штата.
Дело, которое предстояло решить судье ДеЛонгу, было следующее. Некий мистер Грэхем вез двух черных мальчиков: Эноха, десяти лет и Льюиса, девяти лет, из Вирджинии в Кентукки по поручению их хозяев. Подъехав к реке, он обнаружил, что суда не ходят (верятно, из-за ледостава: дело было в декабре). Поэтому Грэхем, не спросив хозяев мальчиков, решил ехать поездом. Поезд шел по территории Огайо, где рабство было запрещено Конституцией штата. Из-за железнодорожной аварии Грэхем сошел с поезда, после чего мальчиков у него отобрали. Грэхем обратился в суд с требованием вернуть собственность согласно указанной выше статье Конституции США.
Судья отметил, что поскольку параграф 3 раздела 2 статьи 4 лишает человека его естественного права быть свободным, он должен истолковываться узко ("The 3d clause of the 2d section of the 4th article of the Constitution of the United States is the only authority for the restraint of a slave by his owner within this State, and being a provision denying a general right, must be strictly construed.") При строгом истолковании речь в параграфе идет о беглых рабах. Так как Энох и Льюис не были беглецами: их привез в штат Огайо агент их хозяев, - этот параграф к ним не относится. Тот факт, что агент действовал без прямого указания хозяев, не меняет дела: "если агент в чем-то нарушил данные иму инструкции, причинив вред хозяину, то это становится спором между ними, не имеющим значения для упомянутого параграфа".
По предложению адвоката от штата судья назначил мальчикам опекуна.
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Однако универсально понимается "по духу" что она дает право гражданам владеть более-менее современным для них многозарядным скорострельным оружием.
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И я, кстати, согласен с современным толкованием: имелось в виду что граждане имеют право владеть таким оружием, чтоб правительство опасалось их обижать
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И это - гораздо большая отсебятина, чем конституционное право на аборты.
Парадокс в том, что те же люди, кто протестует против одной отсебятины, горой стоят за другую (с обеих сторон)
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the Second Amendment right is completely detached from the prefatory clause. But as we have said, the conception of the militia at the time of the Second Amendment’s ratification was the body of all citizens capable of military service, who would bring the sorts of lawful weapons that they possessed at home
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Зато прямым текстом говорится о милициях т.е. Боевиках, незадолго до того восставших против легитимной власти.
Т.е. конституционное право на самооборону - чистая отсебятина
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Да и сейчас даже бесноватaя NRA не требует права даже на покупку боченкамс порохом
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Там и firearms никак не прописаны, соответственно, запрет на ножи-выкидушки неконстуционен?
Но, вообще, буквальное толкование, значит буквальное: каждый может иметь только то оружие, которое может носить, так что пушки и авианосцы исключаем :)
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bear arms традиционно подразумевало именно кношение клинка.
Даже в революцинное врема шпага была признаком джентельмена в некоторых социальных обстоятельствах.
А попробый кто-нибудь сейчас разгуливать с мечом на поясе - сразу найдут статут, который это запрещает.
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"Дедушка в поле гранату нашел,
сунул в карман и к райкому пошел.
Дернул колечко, кинул в окно...
Дедушка старый, ему все равно."
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Но то - согласно букве
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Что по-моему подразумевает те самые Arms, которые нужны для милиции - а это как ни крути щас M16 или автомат Калашникова.
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Ниже уточняется: в участии в хорошо зарегулированной милиции.
Т.е. Члену милиции положена М16, остальным - ничего не положено.
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