Tax levels Cross-country data shows an inverse correlation between tax levels as a share of GDP and child poverty.
После этого идет указания на работу The Social Benefts and Economic Costs of Taxation A Comparison of High-and Low-Tax Countries By Neil Brooks and Thaddeus Hwong http://www.policyalternatives.ca/documents/National_Office_Pubs/2006/Benefits_and_Costs_of_Taxation.pdf
Цитирую: Tax cuts are disastrous for the well-being of a nation’s citizens. Findings from this study show that high-tax countries have been more successful in achiev- ing their social objectives than low-tax coun- tries. Interestingly, they have done so with no economic penalty. On the majority of social measures we exam- ine, high-tax countries rank signifcantly above low-tax countries. On a number of the econom- ic indicators we examine, low-tax countries rank above high-tax countries, but the diference is almost never signifcant. We examine 50 indicators that are commonly used to measure a country’s social progress. On over half of these indicators (29), the outcomes in high-tax Nordic countries are signifcantly better than those in low-tax Anglo-American countries, and on most of the remaining indi- cators (13), social outcomes are somewhat bet- ter in Nordic countries. In short: • Nordic countries have signifcantly lower rates of poverty across almost all social groups; • as an indicator of how well a country protects the vulnerable, the elderly have signifcantly higher pension income replacement rates in Nordic countries and the income received by those with disabilities relative to the population is much higher; • income is distributed signifcantly more equally in Nordic countries; • on every measure we examine there is signifcantly more gender equality in Nordic countries; • Nordic workers have signifcantly more economic security; • in terms of health outcomes, infant mortality rates are signifcantly lower and life expectancy is longer in Nordic countries; • in terms of educational outcomes, a greater percentage of the population completed secondary school and university in Nordic countries and 15-year old students score higher on math tests • as a measure of personal physical security, homicide rates are lower in Nordic countries; • as indicators of the degree of community and social solidarity in a country and general happiness and life satisfaction, there is signifcantly more trust among individuals and for public institutions in Nordic countries; • there is signifcantly less drug use in Nordic countries; individuals have signifcantly more leisure time; individuals have more freedom, according to a widely referred to index of economic freedom; individuals report more life satisfaction; and they are more likely to discuss politics with friends; • Nordic countries rank much higher on an index of environmental performance, and the Nordic countries give signifcantly more in foreign aid than Anglo-American countries
...
Low-tax Anglo-American countries rank high- er than Nordic countries on only seven out of the 50 social indicators. In each case, it is a trivial dif- ference that could be easily due to chance: a slight- ly higher percentage of the 25–64 age group com- pleted either college or university; 15-year-olds did slightly better on reading and science tests; a slightly greater percentage of people report a greater sense of freedom; there are on average a lower number of suicides; and a slightly greater percentage of in- dividuals report they are very happy.
...
Of the 33 economic indicators ex- amined, the Nordic countries lead on 19 indica- tors and the Anglo-American countries on 14.
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Tax levels Cross-country data shows an inverse correlation between tax levels as a share of GDP and child poverty.
После этого идет указания на работу
The Social Benefts and Economic Costs of Taxation
A Comparison of High-and Low-Tax Countries
By Neil Brooks and Thaddeus Hwong
http://www.policyalternatives.ca/documents/National_Office_Pubs/2006/Benefits_and_Costs_of_Taxation.pdf
Цитирую:
Tax cuts are disastrous for the well-being of a
nation’s citizens.
Findings from this study show that high-tax
countries have been more successful in achiev-
ing their social objectives than low-tax coun-
tries. Interestingly, they have done so with no
economic penalty.
On the majority of social measures we exam-
ine, high-tax countries rank signifcantly above
low-tax countries. On a number of the econom-
ic indicators we examine, low-tax countries rank
above high-tax countries, but the diference is
almost never signifcant.
We examine 50 indicators that are commonly
used to measure a country’s social progress. On
over half of these indicators (29), the outcomes
in high-tax Nordic countries are signifcantly
better than those in low-tax Anglo-American
countries, and on most of the remaining indi-
cators (13), social outcomes are somewhat bet-
ter in Nordic countries. In short:
• Nordic countries have signifcantly lower
rates of poverty across almost all social
groups;
• as an indicator of how well a country
protects the vulnerable, the elderly have
signifcantly higher pension income
replacement rates in Nordic countries
and the income received by those with
disabilities relative to the population is
much higher;
• income is distributed signifcantly more
equally in Nordic countries;
• on every measure we examine there is
signifcantly more gender equality in
Nordic countries;
• Nordic workers have signifcantly more
economic security;
• in terms of health outcomes, infant
mortality rates are signifcantly lower
and life expectancy is longer in Nordic
countries;
• in terms of educational outcomes, a greater
percentage of the population completed
secondary school and university in Nordic
countries and 15-year old students score
higher on math tests
• as a measure of personal physical security,
homicide rates are lower in Nordic
countries;
• as indicators of the degree of community
and social solidarity in a country and
general happiness and life satisfaction,
there is signifcantly more trust among
individuals and for public institutions in
Nordic countries;
• there is signifcantly less drug use in
Nordic countries; individuals have
signifcantly more leisure time; individuals
have more freedom, according to a widely
referred to index of economic freedom;
individuals report more life satisfaction;
and they are more likely to discuss politics
with friends;
• Nordic countries rank much higher on
an index of environmental performance,
and the Nordic countries give signifcantly
more in foreign aid than Anglo-American
countries
...
Low-tax Anglo-American countries rank high-
er than Nordic countries on only seven out of the
50 social indicators. In each case, it is a trivial dif-
ference that could be easily due to chance: a slight-
ly higher percentage of the 25–64 age group com-
pleted either college or university; 15-year-olds did
slightly better on reading and science tests; a slightly
greater percentage of people report a greater sense
of freedom; there are on average a lower number
of suicides; and a slightly greater percentage of in-
dividuals report they are very happy.
...
Of the 33 economic indicators ex-
amined, the Nordic countries lead on 19 indica-
tors and the Anglo-American countries on 14.